The development of vaccines still faces significant challenges in the post-COVID era, from complexed competition landscape and constant pressure to reduce costs, all the way to vaccine hesitancy and uncertainty of geopolitical shifts. Other challenges include regulatory harmonization, the need for immediate access to vaccines, and the impact of pandemics on vaccine development timelines. Despite these challenges, the development of vaccines remains crucial for public health and disease prevention. To address these challenges, new approaches and technologies are being explored, such as platform technologies that can expedite vaccine development, Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) to monitor process in real time, and predictive modelling to establish product stability. Future opportunities for vaccine manufacturing also include continuous manufacturing, decentralized manufacturing, and the use of micro-array patches. Investment in science, academia, and industry is crucial for the future of vaccine development.
